PostgreSQL is a powerful and open-source relational database system known for its reliability, flexibility, and advanced features. It handles complex queries, ensures data integrity, and can be extended to meet various needs, making it a popular choice for many applications. However, as your data grows and the number of transactions increases, scaling PostgreSQL can be challenging.

The file_fdw (Foreign Data Wrapper) is a PostgreSQL extension that lets you access data stored in flat files, like CSV files, as if they were regular tables in your PostgreSQL database. This is useful for integrating external data sources without needing to import the data directly into your database.

Concurrency control in databases ensures that multiple transactions can occur simultaneously without causing data errors. It's essential because, without it, two people updating the same...